Method and device for detecting bacteria and determining the concentration thereof in a liquid sample

ABSTRACT

A method for detecting bacteria and determining the concentration thereof in a liquid sample includes the steps of taking an optical section through a container holding a volume of the liquid sample at a predetermined field of view and at a predetermined focal plane depth or angle and after a period of time has elapsed to allow non-bacteria in the sample to settle to the bottom of the container. Since bacteria auto arranges in the liquid sample, forming a lattice-like grid pattern, an optical section through the volume of auto-arranged bacteria may be used to measure the quantity of bacteria residing in that section. A container for holding the liquid sample has particular structure which aids in separating the non-bacteria from the bacteria.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No.14/525,628, filed on Oct. 28, 2014, and entitled “Method and Device ForDetecting Bacteria and Determining The Concentration Thereof In A LiquidSample”, which claims the benefit of priority under 35 U.S.C. 119 and/or35 U.S.C. 120 to U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/896,877, filedon Oct. 29, 2013, and entitled “Method and Device for Detecting Bacteriaand Determining the Concentration Thereof in a Liquid Sample”, thedisclosure of each of which is incorporated herein by reference and onwhich priority is hereby claimed.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Field of the Invention

The present invention generally relates to the detection andquantification of particles in a fluid sample, and more specificallyrelates to a method and device for detecting bacteria and determiningthe concentration thereof in a liquid sample and, in particular, a urinesample.

Description of the Prior Art

A number of methods are conventionally used to detect and evaluatebacteria in a urine sample. For example, there exist automated analyzersfor use in evaluating urine sediment, which mostly utilize flowing aliquid sample through a flow cell and employing either flow cytometry orimage analysis of the flowing particles. There are also different typesof fluid image capture methods that may be performed, including theoptical sectioning methods disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 8,780,181 (Olesen,et al.) and U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2012/0244519(Olesen, et al.).

Alternatively, another conventional method for the detection andevaluation of bacteria in a urine sample involves the manualobservations conducted by medical technicians using bright fieldmicroscopy. More specifically, this standard method for urine microscopyincludes spinning a liquid sample in a centrifuge and discarding thesupernatant, leaving only a sediment pellet. The pellet is thenre-suspended and evaluated on a microscope slide under a cover slipusing a microscope. With this method, the fluid depth is very shallow.For a 30 microliter aliquot with a conventional 22×22 millimeter coverslip, the depth will be approximately 60 microns, and spacing isconfined to a more two dimensional space than the three dimensionalvolume provided by a deeper fluid channel. Such methods, of course, aretime consuming and tedious for the medical technician, and often lead toerroneous results in quantifying the bacteria present in the sample dueto the small size of the bacteria and limitations of bright fieldmicroscopy.

Urine sediment analysis using imaging techniques must detect bacteria ina urine sample in the presence of small non-bacteria debris. Thisrequirement poses challenges, since bacteria are approximately onemicron in size, which is near the limit of detection of air-coupledbright field microscopic imaging techniques. With this restriction,bacteria can be seen, but geometric properties cannot be determined,since each bacterium may be represented by only a single pixel due toits size. This limitation makes it difficult to determine the differencebetween bacteria and small debris (non-bacteria) particles. Thisdifficulty is also present in standard bright field microscopy, where itcan be difficult for a technician to identify a specific particle asbacteria or not, even with 400× magnification. There are othertechniques that are used, including evaluating the uniformity ofparticle sizes and positions within the fluid, as well as colonyformations that are indicative of bacteria. If bacterial presence is tobe confirmed, then alternate techniques such as dry, stained slides thatare evaluated under bright field microscopy or quantitative culture areemployed to confirm the presence of bacteria.

The difficulties described above with conventional techniques call for amore reliable bacteria detection technique in a debris-filled urineenvironment.

OBJECTS AND SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

It is an object of the present invention to provide a method ofevaluating bacteria in a bulk fluid.

It is another object of the present invention to provide a method ofusing the characteristics of bacteria as a means to differentiatebacteria from non-bacteria.

It is still another object of the present invention to provide a highlysensitive and selective method for detecting bacteria in a urine medium.

It is a further object of the present invention to provide a methodwhich measures the average spacing between bacteria to estimate bacteriaconcentration in place of attempting to count bacteria.

It is yet a further object of the present invention to provide aconsumable device which separates bacteria from small debris particlesin a urine sample so as to aid in the determination of the concentrationof bacteria in the urine sample.

In accordance with one form of the present invention, a method fordetecting bacteria and determining the concentration thereof in a liquidsample includes the steps of taking one or more optical sections througha preferably consumable (i.e., discardable) container containing avolume of the liquid sample at a predetermined field of view and at apredetermined focal plane depth or angle and after a predeterminedperiod of time has elapsed to allow non-bacteria debris in the sample tohave settled to the bottom of the container. It has been found that,after the predetermined period of time has elapsed, the bacteria haveauto arranged in the liquid sample, forming a lattice-like grid patternuniformly spaced in three dimensions substantially throughout themajority of the liquid sample (except, in some cases, in a no-bacteriazone near the surface of the consumable container that holds the liquidsample). Thus, an optical section through the volume of auto-arrangedbacteria may be used to measure the quantity of bacteria residing inthat section. By knowing the total volume of the liquid sample held bythe container, one can calculate from the measured bacteria residing inthe optical section at least an approximation of the total bacteriawithin the contained volume.

To help carry out the method of the present invention, a consumablecontainer is disclosed herein for holding the liquid sample, theparticular structure of which aids in separating the non-bacteria“debris” from the bacteria. In one form, the consumable containerincludes a recessed bottom portion adjacent to an unrecessed bottomportion. The non-bacteria debris will settle out of the liquid sampleinto the recessed bottom portion. The focal plane of the optical systemof the fluid imaging device is set to near or at the level of theunrecessed bottom portion of the container so that only bacteria thathave not settled are detected.

In another form of the present invention, the consumable container whichholds the liquid sample defines a relatively long channel having one ormore periodically spaced apart projections, or “speed bumps”, extendingupwardly from the container bottom and partially into the volume ofliquid sample held thereby. The projections cause only those particles,such as the auto-arranging bacteria, that are high in the fluid depth tocontinue to flow down the channel.

The regions between adjacent protrusions provide areas for interrogationwhere particles of specific density ranges will accumulate.

These and other objects, features and advantages of the presentinvention will be apparent from the following detailed description ofillustrative embodiments thereof, which is to be read in connection withthe accompanying drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIGS. 1A and 1B are free body diagrams (pictorial illustrations) of abacterium in a urine sample containing no other bacteria (FIG. 1A) andin the presence of other bacteria in the urine sample (FIG. 1B), to helpfacilitate the understanding of the forces associated with eachbacterium and how these forces interact with those of neighboringbacterium and which cause the bacteria to auto arrange and remain insuspension within the liquid sample.

FIG. 2 is a simplified cross-sectional view of a first embodiment of aconsumable container formed in accordance with the present invention toaid in carrying out the method of the present invention for detectingbacteria and determining the concentration thereof in a liquid sample.

FIG. 3 is a simplified cross-sectional view of a second embodiment of aconsumable container formed in accordance with the present invention toaid in carrying out the method of the present invention for detectingbacteria and determining the concentration thereof in a liquid sample.

FIG. 4 is a simplified cross-sectional view of a third embodiment of aconsumable container formed in accordance with the present invention toaid in carrying out the method of the present invention for detectingbacteria and determining the concentration thereof in a liquid sample.

FIG. 5 is a simplified cross-sectional view of a fourth embodiment of aconsumable container in the form of an open-topped microtiter plate wellformed in accordance with the present invention to aid in carrying outthe method of the present invention for detecting bacteria anddetermining the concentration thereof in a liquid sample.

FIG. 6 is a simplified top view of a fifth embodiment of a consumablecontainer formed in accordance with the present invention to aid incarrying out the method of the present invention for detecting bacteriaand determining the concentration thereof in a liquid sample, thecontainer including a plurality of flow channels to promote capillaryflow of the liquid sample therethrough.

FIG. 7 is a simplified cross-sectional view of a sixth embodiment of aconsumable container formed in accordance with the present invention toaid in carrying out the method of the present invention for detectingbacteria and determining the concentration thereof in a liquid sample.

FIG. 8 is a simplified cross-sectional view of a seventh embodiment of aconsumable container formed in accordance with the present invention toaid in carrying out the method of the present invention for detectingbacteria and determining the concentration thereof in a liquid sample.

FIG. 9 is a simplified cross-sectional view of an eighth embodiment of aconsumable container formed in accordance with the present invention toaid in carrying out the method of the present invention for detectingbacteria and determining the concentration thereof in a liquid sample.

FIGS. 10A and 10B are respectively a simplified top view andcross-sectional view, taken along line 10B-10B of FIG. 10A, of a ninthembodiment of a consumable container formed in accordance with thepresent invention to aid in carrying out the method of the presentinvention for detecting bacteria and determining the concentrationthereof in a liquid sample, the container having a plurality of qualityassurance shapes formed in the bottom of the container.

FIGS. 11A and 11B are free body diagrams (pictorial illustrations) of apolymer substrate and associated bacteria, and the forces associatedwith each, in a urine sample.

FIG. 12 is a top view of a two dimensional model for bacteria in anauto-arranged state.

FIG. 13A is a top view of a two dimensional model for bacteria in anauto-arranged state with incomplete bacteria to completely fill thelattice structure.

FIG. 13B is a top view of a two dimensional model for bacteria in anauto-arranged state with an increased bacteria concentration than thatshown in FIG. 13A.

FIG. 14 is a side view of a three dimensional model for bacteria in anauto-arranged state.

FIG. 15 is an inverted brightfield microscopy photographic image,showing a representative sample containing varying sized lipids withoutbacteria in a fluid bulk.

FIG. 16 is an inverted brightfield microscopy photographic image,showing a representative sample containing debris without bacteria in afluid bulk.

FIG. 17A is a theoretical histogram model overlay, showing each of fourparticle types (bacteria, formed elements, lipids and debris) present ina sample container at a time when the container is just filled with aurine sample, the ordinate representing the depth in the samplecontainer, in microns (μm), and the abscissa representing cell count forthe four particles.

FIG. 17B is a theoretical histogram model overlay, showing each of fourparticle types (bacteria, formed elements, lipids and debris) present ina sample container at some elapsed time after the container is filledwith a urine sample and after some settling of particles has occurred,the ordinate representing the depth in the sample container, in microns(μm), and the abscissa representing cell count for the four particles.

FIG. 18A is a brightfield microscopy raw image of bacteria in a fluidbulk, prior to the image being thresholded.

FIG. 18B is the image shown in FIG. 18A after the image is thresholded,for an object count analysis in accordance with the present invention.

FIG. 19A is another example of a thresholded image similar to that shownin FIG. 18B for determining pixel spacing in accordance with the presentinvention.

FIG. 19B is an enlarged portion of the thresholded image shown in FIG.19A with post-processed lines indicating spacing to nearest neighbor.

FIG. 20A is a photographic image of a urine sample (for brighterobjects) and its associated histogram, with frequency as the ordinateand grayscale value as the abscissa, illustrating skewness as ameasurement to determine the distribution of bacteria through a fluidbulk in accordance with a method of the present invention.

FIG. 20B is another photographic image of a urine sample (for darkerobjects) and its associated histogram, with frequency as the ordinateand grayscale value as the abscissa, illustrating skewness as ameasurement to determine the distribution of bacteria through a fluidbulk in accordance with a method of the present invention.

FIG. 21 is a theoretical histogram model overlay, similar to that shownin FIGS. 17A and 17B, showing each of four particle types (bacteria,formed elements, lipids and debris) present in a sample container at atime between when the container is just filled with a urine sample (seeFIG. 17A) and prior to the elapsed time (see FIG. 17B), and illustratingwhere particle separation has begun but is not complete, the ordinaterepresenting the depth in the sample container, in microns (μm), and theabscissa representing cell count for the four particles.

FIG. 22A is a graph of a calibration curve for the titration of bacteria(rods) with pixel spacing logic in accordance with the present inventionperformed at each of three depths (200, 400, and 600 microns) within acontainer holding a urine sample, where the ordinate represents thepixel spacing mean and the abscissa represents the concentration ofbacteria within the sample.

FIG. 22B is a graph of a calibration curve for the titration of bacteria(cocci) with pixel spacing logic in accordance with the presentinvention performed at each of three depths (200, 400, and 600 microns)within a container holding a urine sample, where the ordinate representsthe standard deviation of pixel spacing and the abscissa represents theconcentration of bacteria within the sample.

FIG. 23A is a graph illustrating the integration of four algorithmapproaches in accordance with the present invention used todifferentiate bacteria from non-bacteria in a urine sample, where theordinate represents the response and the abscissa represents the objectcount mean, the density mean, the skewness median and the pixel spacingmedian, for a bacteria concentration with amorphous debris spiked withbacteria.

FIG. 23B is a graph illustrating the integration of four algorithmapproaches in accordance with the present invention used todifferentiate bacteria from non-bacteria in a urine sample, where theordinate represents the response and the abscissa represents the objectcount mean, the density mean, the skewness median and the pixel spacingmedian, for a bacteria concentration with lipids spiked with bacteria.

FIG. 24 is a top perspective view of a tenth embodiment of a consumablecontainer formed in accordance with the present invention to aid incarrying out the method of the present invention for detecting bacteriaand determining the concentration thereof in a liquid sample.

FIG. 25 is a top plan view of the tenth embodiment of the consumablecontainer formed in accordance with the present invention and shown inFIG. 24.

FIG. 26 is a side view of the tenth embodiment of the consumablecontainer formed in accordance with the present invention and shown inFIG. 24.

FIG. 27 is a bottom plan view of the tenth embodiment of the consumablecontainer formed in accordance with the present invention and shown inFIG. 24.

FIG. 28 is an enlarged bottom plan view of the tenth embodiment of theconsumable container of the present invention shown within the brokenline circle labeled with reference letter A in FIG. 27.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

Through experimentation, it has been found that bacteria in a liquidsample exhibits some characteristics that may be used to differentiatebacteria from non-bacteria “debris”. In particular, two observationshave been made concerning bacteria. One relates to the capacity ofbacteria to auto arrange in the bulk of a fluid sample, meaning that thebacteria form a lattice-like grid pattern uniformly spaced inthree-dimensions throughout the majority of the fluid sample. Inaddition, as other particles, such as macro particles, including redblood cells, white blood cells, crystals and other small debris, settleto the bottom of the container which holds the liquid sample, thebacteria tend to stay suspended in the majority of the fluid sample.Through further experimentation and supporting theory, it is believedthat the aforementioned is a reliable and reproducible characteristic ofbacteria and non-bacteria and may be used as an important factor indetermining whether bacteria is present in a liquid sample and tomeasure the concentration of bacteria in the sample.

An additional phenomenon which was observed through experimentation isthat the auto-arranged bacteria also generally reside outside a“no-bacteria zone” near the surface of the consumable container thatholds the liquid sample, such as a urine sample. Some bacteria, it hasbeen learned, tend to have an “aversion”, possibly due to repulsiveforces, to surfaces and, in particular, polymer surfaces. This factoralso may be taken into account when determining the presence andconcentration of bacteria in the liquid sample.

More specifically, it has been found that bacteria generally demonstrateuniform particle sizing and uniform distribution throughout a liquidsample, such as a urine sample. This observation is in contrast withother small debris particles that may be found in urine samples thattend to cluster together and have irregular shapes. By using microscopicimaging methods, such as those disclosed in the aforementioned Olesen,et al. published U.S. application (U.S. Patent Application PublicationNo. 2011/0261164), the disclosure of which is incorporated herein byreference, it has been found that bacteria in a urine sample are notonly uniformly distributed in the focused plane, but also into the bulkor majority of the fluid sample.

After a predetermined period of time, such as between about threeminutes and about ninety minutes, preferably about three minutes toabout ten minutes, it was determined that bacteria separate from thesettled elements, such as red blood cells, white blood cells andcrystals, and remain in suspension throughout the majority of the volumeof the urine sample. The focal plane of the camera of the fluid imagingdevice used in such experimentation was set to be within the bulk of thefluid and not at the bottom of the consumable container, such as at 100microns from the bottom of the container. Visual information from theoptical sectioning performed on the urine sample provides visualconfirmation that bacteria remain in solution within the bulk of thefluid and, furthermore, that the bacteria auto arrange throughout themajority of the urine sample, except near the bottom and side surfacesof the container. This phenomenon is particularly present when thecontainer is made from a polymer material. Most non-bacterial particlesappear to settle at a fall rate of about 100 microns per minute.

These are key differentiating factors that may be employed to separatebacteria from non-bacteria in a reliable and reproducible manner andused in detecting and evaluating bacteria and determining theconcentration thereof in a liquid sample. More specifically, these twophenomena will have different implications in the detection andquantification of bacteria in a urine sample. The auto arrangement ofthe bacteria provides a means to reliably detect the presence ofbacteria, while the no-bacteria zone provides a means to separate oneform of bacteria from another, such as rod-shaped bacteria, or “rods”,for example, bacilli, from spherical shaped bacteria, or coccus, forexample, streptococcus and staphylococcus. Through experimentation, ithas been found that not only staphylococcus bacteria, but also proteus,klebsiella, enterococcus, enterobacter and Escherichia coli (E. coli)forms of bacteria were not only uniformly distributed within the focalplane of the imaging camera, but also throughout a majority of the urinesample.

Auto arrangement is the term used herein to describe the physicaldistribution of bacteria within a three-dimensional bulk of the urinesample. Bacteria (rods and cocci) have a natural tendency to uniformlydistribute within the fluid. Motility does not appear to be a drivingforce for this separation; however, there appear to be other forcespresent which cause the bacteria to auto arrange and maintain theirpositioning within the volume of urine sample even in the presence ofgravity (for these particles, the force due to gravity will beapproximately twice the buoyant force based on the equations set forthin FIG. 1A and is on the order of 10⁻¹⁵ Newtons).

More specifically, FIGS. 1A and 1B illustrate free body diagrams of abacterium in a urine sample as well as represented as part of a latticestructure (representing the uniform distribution commonly seen withspacing generally ranging from about 10 to about 60 microns betweenbacteria). In order for the system to maintain equilibrium, the upwardand downward forces must match, causing a net zero force, and thebacteria will then maintain the stable, uniform lattice-like structure.Such a lattice-like structure always tends toward a state of minimumenergy, and the bacteria will tend to fill all sites in the minimumlattice structure defined by the model shown in FIG. 1B. In FIG. 1B, thelighter arrows represent gravity and buoyancy, and the darker arrowsrepresent Zeta Potential forces. Thus, and as shown in FIG. 1B, severalbacteria in a sample will have interactions, causing an auto arrangementand will inhibit settling. In other words, equal and opposite forceswill maintain a static structure that will auto arrange withoutsettling. For reference, E. coli bacteria will each have a mass in therange from about 2.9 to about 9.5×10⁻¹³ grams, resulting inapproximately 3 to about 9×10⁻¹⁵ Newtons of gravitational force.

As is illustrated by FIG. 1A of the drawings, there are several forcesassociated with each bacterium, and these forces interact with theforces of each neighboring bacterium that cause the system to maintain auniform equilibrium. More specifically, a zeta potential force in thex-direction (Fzx) is associated with a bacterium; a zeta potential forcein the y-direction (Fzy) also acts on the bacterium; a buoyant force(Fb) acting on a bacterium has been determined to be equal to thedensity of the fluid multiplied by the volume multiplied by g (gravity);a gravitational force (Fg) acting on the bacterium is equal to the massof the bacterium multiplied by g (gravity); and an electric field force(Fe) is further associated with the bacterium. With no other ZetaPotential sources, Fz is zero and if the electric field force Fe is alsozero, then the only other forces acting on the bacterium are buoyancyand gravity; under such circumstances, settling should occur.

The electrical force is commonly described by the theories associatedwith the zeta potential. The zeta potential is defined by a fluid regionsurrounding a particle containing ions that are loosely bound. The zetapotential is the driving force in colloidal systems (fluids with finelydispersed solids within, such as urine). The magnitude of the zetapotential determines if the system is stable (particles maintainstructure) or unstable (particles will settle or float depending on thespecific gravity of the fluid). The system (cell and surrounding fluid)will be electrically neutral from a macroscopic perspective, sincecounter-ions (ions with opposite charge to the bound charge on theparticle surface) will surround the cell in a small layer that generallyis no larger than a few tens of nanometers. The natural negative chargefor a bacteria is a byproduct of the cell acting as a “proton pump” aspart of ATP (adenosine triphosphate) conversion for energy. The bacteriawill actually try to create a pH gradient across its membrane wall tofacilitate ATP transfer and this causes the net negative charge of thebacteria. Add to that the zeta potential found from the ionized urinesample and there is a lot of electrical activity, which is an importantconsideration in cases where bacteria is in a water environment (orother non-ionic fluid) and the function still exists due to the protonpump (the repulsion force will be slightly reduced). Within the fluid,the particles and the counter-ions will have a local charge that can actto repel other like particles and maintain dispersion. As shown in thefree body diagrams of FIGS. 1A and 1B, the zeta potential is the largestdriving factor for a urine colloidal system. Most particles in urinewill not have sufficient zeta potential to overcome the settling forcesdue to gravity, since the particle mass will be large with respect tothe forces from zeta potential and the particles will settle. However,bacteria have a small particle mass, and the zeta potential is largeenough to keep the colloidal system in suspension. The method of thepresent invention takes advantage of this auto arrangement phenomenon ofbacteria and uses it to detect and evaluate bacteria and to determinethe concentration thereof in a urine sample.

More specifically, a method for detecting bacteria and determining theconcentration thereof in a liquid sample includes the steps of takingone or more optical sections through a consumable (i.e., discardable),preferably polymer container containing a volume of the liquid sample ata predetermined field of view and at a predetermined focal plane depthor angle, and after a predetermined period of time (such as about threeminutes to about ten minutes or more) to allow non-bacteria debris inthe sample to have settled to the bottom of the container. After thepredetermined period of time has elapsed, the bacteria has auto arrangedin the liquid sample, forming a lattice-like grid pattern uniformlyspaced in three dimensions, substantially throughout the majority of theliquid sample (except, in some cases, in a “no-bacteria zone” near thepolymer surface of the consumable container that holds the liquidsample). Thus, an optical section through the volume of auto-arrangedbacteria may be used to measure the quantity of bacteria residing inthat section. Knowing the total volume of the liquid sample held by thecontainer, one can calculate at least an approximation of the totalbacteria within the contained volume.

Optical sectioning may occur vertically through the liquid sample,horizontally at different heights within the volume, or at an angle tothe vertical or horizontal through the liquid sample, as taught by theaforementioned Olesen, et al. published U.S. application. When such aslanted optical sectioning of the sample is performed, the preferredangle with respect to the vertical of the optical sectioning is aboutseven (7) degrees. Since non-bacteria “debris” settles to the bottom ofthe container after the predetermined period of time has elapsed, ahorizontal optical sectioning may be performed with the focal plane ofthe system camera disposed about various depths, such as 50 microns, 100microns and 150 microns above the container bottom.

When one or more optical sections of the liquid sample held by thecontainer have been performed, the number of bacteria found in eachsection may be quantified and may be averaged. By knowing the camera'sdepth of field, or stated another way, the depth of the optical sectionin which bacteria appearing in the section are in focus and may beidentified as residing in that section, and by knowing the volume ofliquid sample held by the container, the averaged number of bacteriafrom the sample optical sections, multiplied by the number of opticalsections within the width, depth or diagonally through the volume ofliquid sample, will yield at least an approximation of the total numberof bacteria for a given volume of sample held by the container (e.g.,bacteria count per microliter). The measurements and calculations may beperformed in accordance with the method automatically by the imaginginstrument and without the need for any tedious or manual evaluations onthe part of a medical technician which are prevalent with the use ofconventional methods, such as by using bright field microscopy.

Alternatively, again through optical sectioning, measurements may beperformed to estimate the average spacing between bacteria. This averageparticle spacing may be used as a means to estimate the bacteriaconcentration in the volume of liquid sample held by the container, inplace of attempting to count bacteria. More specifically, it may not benecessary to count the bacteria (in order to have increased confidencethat non-bacteria has settled) but can then use statistics to determinethe distances between bacteria in a single focal plane. The distancesare then averaged and an algorithm can be used to look at differentfocal depths to ensure that the auto-arrangement is complete or at leastindicative of bacteria and not non-bacteria. The method of determiningthe average spacing between bacteria (or other particles) includesevaluating all of the areas that represent bacteria in an image andevaluating their focus curves (the angled optics provide an object stackof in- and out-of-focus images) that can be used to measure the opticaldistance between particles that are in the same focal plane. Thisprocedure is repeated across all focal planes and a 3-d map of particlescan be generated based on the average statistics.

As mentioned previously, there appears to be a “no-bacteria zone”situated near the surfaces of containers formed of a polymer material.Just like bacteria, polymers have a zeta potential in a fluid medium.Such polymers include an acrylic material, such as poly (methylmethacrylate), or PMMA, which is preferably the material from which theconsumable container of the present invention is made.

FIGS. 11A and 11B are free body diagrams of a polymer substrate andassociated bacteria. Shown in FIG. 11A are the forces associated with abacterium and a polymer surface. The term Fzb represents the zetapotential force for bacteria; the term Fzp represents the zeta potentialforce for a polymer substrate; the term Fb represents the buoyant force,which is equal to the density of the fluid sample multiplied by thevolume of the bacteria multiplied by g (gravity); and the term Fgrepresents the force of gravity, which is equal to the mass of thebacterium multiplied by g (gravity). It is clear from FIG. 11A thatequal and opposite forces will maintain a static structure that willallow the bacteria to auto arrange without settling. Furthermore, theconsumable container's zeta potential will create a “no-bacteria zone”near the surface of the polymer, which will occur both at the top andbottom of the container, and at the sides thereof. Furthermore, rodbacteria are larger than coccus bacteria and will have more mass and aremore likely to overcome the zeta potential with gravity and have atleast partial settling, or at least will exhibit a different“no-bacteria zone” thickness, since gravity will overcome more of theelectric force.

As shown in FIG. 11B, several bacteria in a sample will haveinteractions, causing auto arrangement, and will inhibit settling andwill maintain a “no-bacteria zone” near the surface of the polymerconsumable container.

Accordingly, once non-bacteria debris has been separated from bacteriawithin the urine sample, an optical sectioning of the liquid sample witha focal plane in proximity to the bottom (and top) of the polymercontainer, and with further optical sectioning a relative distance fromthe top and bottom of the polymer container, will lead to adetermination and evaluation, and at least an approximate concentration,of different types of bacteria within the urine sample, since somebacteria, such as the higher mass rods, will occupy the “no-bacteriazone”, while coccus bacteria, which have less mass and which are lesslikely to overcome the zeta potential with gravity, will remain insuspension and outside of the “no-bacteria zone” and will auto arrangewithin the volume of the liquid sample.

FIGS. 2-10 of the drawings depict various forms of consumable containersfor holding a liquid sample, formed in accordance with the presentinvention, the particular structures of which aid in separating thenon-bacteria “debris” from the bacteria and which help carry out themethod of the present invention for detecting bacteria and determiningthe concentration thereof in a liquid sample. Preferably, the containeris formed as a consumable product, that is, it is discardable after use,and is made from a polymer material, such as acrylic PMMA.

FIG. 2 is a simplified cross-sectional view of a consumable containerformed in accordance with the present invention. In FIG. 2, referenceletter A represents the container top surface; reference letter Brepresents the container bottom surface; reference letter C representsthe focal depth of the camera of the imaging system which takes anoptical section through the liquid sample held by the container; andreference letter D represents the container bacteria zone bottomsurface.

More specifically, the container of FIG. 2 includes a recessed bottomportion and an unrecessed bottom portion adjacent to the recessed bottomportion. The non-bacteria debris will settle out of the liquid sampleinto the recessed bottom portion. The focal plane of the optical systemof the fluid imaging device is set to near or at the unrecessed bottomportion of the container so that only bacteria are detected. Thus, theoptical system will scan for particles that reside over the non-recessedbottom portion of the container. Incorporating a separate region, at D,where the container bottom is lower than the focal plane of the opticalsystem will realize a condition where settled particles will not be inview, leaving only bacteria for counting (after waiting the appropriatesettling time).

FIGS. 3-5 represent other embodiments of a container for use with themethod of the present invention, which utilize the natural separation ofbacteria from non-bacteria in a fluid. More specifically, FIG. 3 is asimplified cross-sectional view of another form of a container formed inaccordance with the present invention. Again, reference letter Arepresents the container top surface; reference letter B represents thecontainer bottom surface; reference letter C represents the camera focaldepth for settled particles; and reference letter D represents thecamera focal depth for bacteria. In the particular embodiment shown inFIG. 3, the container top and bottom surfaces are parallel to eachother, but optical interrogation occurs at different depths within thefluid. Heavier particles (“debris”) settle out of the liquid sample andreside at the bottom surface of the container, that is, at the “C”camera focal depth, whereas the bacteria, which auto arrange, occupieshigher levels relative to the bottom of the container in the volume ofliquid sample and are captured at the camera focal depth located at “D”.

FIG. 4 is a simplified cross-sectional view of yet another embodiment ofa container formed in accordance with the present invention, wherereference letter A represents the container top surface; referenceletter B represents the container bottom surface; reference letter Crepresents the camera focal depth for settled particles; and referenceletter D represents the camera focal depth for bacteria. As one can seefrom FIG. 4, the container includes a bottom surface which is sloped tothe horizontal so that interrogation at a fixed vertical position (at“C”, which is close to the sloping bottom surface of the container atthe shallower section thereof) will detect settled particles, whereasinterrogation at fixed vertical position “D” (which is effectively at ahigher level from the sloping bottom surface, even though it is withinthe same focal plane as focal depth “C”) will detect just bacteria inthe liquid sample.

FIG. 5 is a simplified side view of a further embodiment of a containerformed in accordance with the present invention for carrying out themethod of detecting and quantifying bacteria in a liquid sample. In FIG.5, reference letter A represents a container; reference letter

B represents the camera focal depth for settled particles; and referenceletter C represents the camera focal depth for bacteria. The containershown in FIG. 5 is preferably an open-topped, microtiter plate well, andthe optical system used for performing optical sections of the volume ofliquid sample contained therein interrogates the fluid at differentdepths. The camera focal depth at “B” is near or at the bottom of thewell and detects settled particles, whereas the camera focal depth at“C”, which is raised above the bottom of the well, detects bacteriawhich are in an auto arrangement.

FIG. 6 is a simplified top view of another form of a containerconstructed in accordance with the present invention and used to carryout the method for detecting bacteria and determining the concentrationthereof in a liquid sample. More specifically, reference letter Arepresents the container left surface; reference letter B represents thecontainer right surface; reference letter C denotes the fluid flow startregion; reference letter D, in the form of an arrow, represents fluidflow through the container; and reference letter E represents fluid flowchannels formed in the container. The fluid flow channels may be definedby of a series of parallel plates extending vertically upwardly from thebottom surface of the container toward the top surface, between the leftand right surfaces thereof. The flow channels within the container,situated between adjacent plates, promote capillary flow of the fluid.

In the preferred form of the container shown in FIG. 6, there areseveral fluid flow channels, defined by parallelly disposed plates,formed inwardly of and in proximity to the left surface of the containerand the right surface of the container, and these left and right sidefluid flow channels extend axially along the length of the container.There are also parallelly disposed fluid flow channels spaced apart fromone another and extending entirely across the width of the container,from the left surface to the right surface thereof, near the fluid flowstart region C. These channels are also defined by adjacent plates, andmay extend with mutually increasing axial lengths near region C from thelongitudinal center of the container in symmetrical directions outwardlytowards the left and right surfaces thereof.

Thus, the flow features incorporated in the container increase thesurface area (with respect to fluid volume) and provide a guide forfluid flow.

Alternative structure to promote fluid flow in the container of FIG. 6may include reducing the fluid channel dimensions (width and depth) toprovide an increased surface area with respect to volume and to promotecapillary flow. Alternatively, the material from which the platesdefining the channels are formed may be selected with sufficient contactangle (hydrophilicity) to support capillary action through thecontainer. Furthermore, surface treatments on the left and rightsurfaces of the container and on the surfaces of the plates defining thechannels therebetween may be performed to promote fluid flow through thecontainer, and such treatments include plasma treatment, coronatreatment, surface chemistry reactions or surfactant applications. Theseembodiments will utilize capillary action for flow of the fluid into andthrough the container. Further alternative approaches to promote fluidflow into and through the container are envisioned to include an opensystem, where the fluid is merely dropped or deposited onto thecontainer, or a closed system, where the fluid is mechanically pumpedinto the container.

A simplified cross-sectional view of a modification to the containerillustrated in FIG. 2 is shown in FIG. 7 of the drawings. Referenceletter A in FIG. 7 represents the container top surface; referenceletter B represents the non-recessed bottom surface of the container;reference letter D represents the recessed, bottom surface of thecontainer defining a bacteria detection zone; reference letter E, in theform of an arrow, represents fluid flow through the container; andreference letter C represents a projection which extends upwardly fromthe container bottom and partially into the volume of liquid sample heldthereby. The projection acts as a “speed bump” with respect to the flowof fluid axially through the container, as shown by reference letter E.(It should be understood that the term “speed bump” is used herein tofacilitate an overall understanding of the invention; however, it shouldbe realized that the fluid will actually progress at a faster rate overthe protrusion since the volume flow is constant and the cross-sectional area is small at the “speed bump”.) The projection C stopsdenser particles from continuing down the container and flowing into thebacteria zone, at “D”. Thus, as with the container shown in FIG. 2, thisparticular container shown in FIG. 7 includes a non-recessed bottomsurface, at B, followed by an adjacent recessed bottom surface, at “D”,which defines a “trench” in which bacteria in an auto arrangementresides after flowing over the projection C.

Preferably, the container shown in FIG. 7 defines a relatively longchannel axially therethrough in which fluid may flow. As the fluid flowsdown the channel defined by the container, particles will be settlingout of the liquid sample, and the denser particles will concentrate atthe beginning of the channel, before the projection C, and less denseparticles will settle further downstream of the container channel. Thisphenomenon can be amplified by applying flow features within the channelthat sort elements by size or by vertical position within the channel.

More specifically, a variation of the container illustrated by FIG. 7 isshown in FIG. 8 of the drawings, but without a recessed bottom surface.In FIG. 8, reference letter A represents the container top surface;reference letter B represents the bottom surface, which is parallel tothe top surface; reference letter C represents a projection extendingupwardly from the container bottom surface and partially into the volumeof liquid sample held thereby; and reference letter D represents thedirection of fluid flow, by an arrow, axially through the container.Thus, as can be seen from FIG. 8, this particular container of thepresent invention includes a plurality of periodically spaced apartprojections, or “speed bumps”, over at least a portion of the axiallength of the container. These projections C situated at intervals alongthe length of the container will cause only those particles that arehigh in the fluid depth to continue down the channel defined by thecontainer and provide areas for interrogation where particles ofspecific density ranges will accumulate.

FIG. 9 illustrates yet another form of a container for carrying out themethod of the present invention for detecting and determining theconcentration of bacteria in a liquid sample.

The embodiment shown in FIG. 9 is similar to that shown in FIG. 8,except that the projections C in FIG. 8 are replaced by different sizedfilters in the embodiment of FIG. 9. In FIG. 9, reference letter Arepresents the container top surface; reference letter B represents thecontainer bottom surface, which includes no recessed portion; referenceletter D represents the direction of fluid flow, by an arrow, axiallythrough the container which, like the container of FIG. 8, defines arelatively long channel for fluid flow; and reference letter Crepresents filters in place of the projections.

More specifically, and as shown in FIG. 9, there are a plurality offilters which extend between the bottom surface and the top surface ofthe container and through which the liquid sample flows in the directionD. The filters are spaced apart from one another over at least a portionof the axial length of the container, in the same manner as theprojections are spaced in the embodiment of FIG. 8. Filters of differentpore sizes are preferably used. More specifically, the upstream filtershave preferably a larger pore size than downstream filters, so that thefilters decrease in pore size in the direction of fluid flow D. Thefilters will block particles having different dimensions so that suchparticles will accumulate in regions between filters, and these regionsmay be interrogated by optical sectioning or the like to detect andevaluate the types of particles accumulating in each region. The smallerparticles such as bacteria, being one micron in size, will pass throughall of the filters and will accumulate in a region in the downstream endof the container, where such bacteria may be determined and quantified.

FIGS. 10A and 10B are respectively a simplified top view and across-sectional view of a container, and illustrate a plurality ofspaced apart recesses or projections, or particles, formed in or on thebottom surface of the container for quality assurance purposes. Anoptical evaluation of a fluid should include references to ensure thesystem is in focus, magnification is appropriate and optical featuresare resolved appropriately. These features (not drawn to scale)represent standard elements in the fluid sample and provide both a focusreference and a means to ensure the optics are functioning properly ifthe sample is from a healthy host without formed elements. A preferredembodiment for these features, as illustrated by FIGS. 10A and 10B, willbe to incorporate them into or near the container bottom surface at theoptimal focal position. Such features can be shapes, and may include aroughened surface, that may be incorporated when the consumablecontainer is fabricated, for example, molded into the bottom surface ofthe container, or in a close fabrication process, such as where thefeature is laser marked on the container, for example, or as fixed beadsor latex particles, for example, situated at the bottom surface of thecontainer. The features will be located at optimal focus so that anysample can be analyzed with appropriate confidence in the opticalsystem. Negative results after testing urine samples, where no bacteriaor other particles are detected, will be verified as being accurate whenonly the quality assurance features are identified and nothing else. InFIGS. 10A and 10B, the letter “A” represents recesses, the letter “B”represents projections, and the letter “C” represents particles.

The simplified top view of the container shown in FIG. 10 is onepossible implementation of such quality assurance features. The size,shape, contrast, position and spacing of such projections, recesses orparticles are designed to ensure optical clarity and discrimination ofthe elements of interest.

Still another form of a container for carrying out the method of thepresent invention for detecting and determining the concentration ofbacteria in a liquid sample is shown in FIGS. 24-28 of the drawings.Generally, the container is in the form of an elongated member 2 havinga handle portion 4 and a read area portion 6 (where imaging of thesample takes place) that extends axially outwardly from the handleportion 4. The handle portion 4 and the read area portion 6 comprise thehousing of the sample container. As in the other embodiments of thesample container described previously, this particular embodiment isalso manufactured to be a consumable component, that is, after use, thesample container is disposed of in accordance with required safetyprotocols.

An inlet port 8 for receiving a liquid sample therein is situated on thetop surface of the housing over the handle portion 4 thereof. The inletport 8 is in fluid communication with an interior, elongated, liquidsample well 10 which extends axially along at least a portion of thelength of the read area portion 6 of the sample container. The well 10holds a liquid sample, such as urine, deposited on the sample containerthrough the inlet port 8, and defines an area on the top and/or bottomsurfaces of the housing where imaging of the liquid sample contained inthe well 10 occurs.

At the distal end of the read area portion 6 of the housing of thesample container, which is axially opposite the handle portion 4, and incommunication with the well 10, is situated a bacteria read area 12.More specifically, the bacteria read area 12 constitutes the end portionof the well 10 containing the liquid sample and preferably includesthree or more adjacent sections having progressively increased depthsover the axial length of the bacteria read area portion of the well 10,increasing in depth in a direction toward the distal end of the readarea portion 6 of the housing, similar in some respects to the samplecontainer shown in FIG. 2 of the drawings (which has two sections ofvarying depth). An optical system of a fluid imaging device used forimaging the sample container shown in FIGS. 24-28 will scan forparticles in one or more sections of the liquid sample well 10, as wellas for auto-arranged bacteria residing in the bacteria read area 12. Asmentioned previously with respect to the embodiment of the samplecontainer shown in FIG. 2, heavier particles, such as formed elements,which do not auto arrange will settle to the bottom of the well 10,independent of well depth, leaving bacteria for counting in one or moreof the bulk sections (i.e., the mid-level section of the samplecontainer well 10, containing the bulk of the fluid) away from thebottom. When the sample container is filled, all of the elements (formedelements, bacteria, debris, lipids, etc.) will be randomly distributedthroughout the fluid bulk. Since the bacteria do not settle like mostformed elements, they can be more easily viewed and differentiated inthe fluid bulk where the formed elements are no longer present. Theauto-arranged bacteria is preferably measured in the bacteria read area12 at the distal end of the well 10.

The bacteria read area 12 of the well 10 preferably includes threesections, that is, a first section 22, a second section 24 adjacent tothe first section 22, and a third section 26 adjacent to and followingthe second section 24, of varying depth. More specifically, the depth ofthe well 10 over the read area portion 6 is preferably about 250microns. The first section 22 is preferably about 450 microns in depth,and the bacteria residing therein is read optically at a depth of about200 microns. The second section 24 is preferably about 650 microns indepth, and the bacteria residing therein is read optically at a depth ofabout 400 microns. The third section 26 is preferably about 850 micronsin depth, and the bacteria residing therein is read optically at a depthof about 600 microns.

To facilitate a full understanding of the present invention, the methodand container for carrying out the method disclosed previously hereinwill now be further described.

In accordance with one form of the present invention, a method fordetecting bacteria and determining the concentration thereof in a liquidsample includes the steps of taking at least one optical section througha volume of the liquid sample at a predetermined field of view and at apredetermined focal plane depth or angle in the volume and after apredetermined time has elapsed to allow bacteria in the liquid sample toauto arrange, and counting the number of bacteria present within the atleast one optical section. It is also possible to watch the settlingphenomena to determine the optimal time for evaluation as an algorithmcan be fabricated to determine when settling is complete and theauto-arranging process is the only activity occurring. It is alsopossible to make a predictive algorithm that does not have to wait untilcomplete separation but instead watches the sample and processes out theparticles that are settling and only evaluates the portion of the samplethat has bacteria characteristics. The steps of the method also includecalculating the number of optical sections into which the volume of theliquid sample may be divided thereby determining a total number ofpossible optical sections, multiplying the number of bacteria present inthe at least one optical section by the total number of possible opticalsections thereby determining at least an approximation of the totalnumber of bacteria within the volume of the liquid sample anddetermining the concentration of bacteria within the liquid sample basedon the at least approximation of the total number of bacteria within thevolume of the liquid sample.

The predetermined time allowed for bacteria in the liquid sample to autoarrange is preferably between about three minutes and about ten minutesor more. Furthermore, the at least one optical section taken through thevolume of the liquid sample preferably has a focal plane angle of aboutseven degrees relative to a vertical plane through the volume.Alternatively, the at least one optical section taken through the volumeof the liquid sample has a focal plane angle of about zero degreesrelative to a vertical plane through the volume (that is, the focalplane is vertical), or is about ninety degrees relative to a verticalplane through the volume (that is, the focal plane is horizontal), or anangle therebetween. If the focal plane of the optical section ishorizontally disposed through the volume of the liquid sample, thenpreferably the optical section has a focal plane depth of about 100microns above the bottom of the volume of the liquid sample.Alternatively, the focal plane depth may be 500 microns, or more, to getrid of halos from large settled objects (a function of the depth offield of the optics and the out-of-focus depth). Or, the focal planedepth of the optical section through the sample container may be atleast one of about 100, about 200, about 400, about 600, about 800,about 1,000 and about 1,200 microns above the bottom of the volume ofthe liquid sample.

In another form of the present invention, a method for detectingbacteria and determining the concentration thereof in a liquid sampleincludes the steps of taking a plurality of optical sections through avolume of the liquid sample at a predetermined field of view and at oneor more predetermined focal plane depths or angles in the volume andafter a predetermined time has elapsed to allow bacteria in the liquidsample to auto arrange, and counting the number of bacteria presentwithin each optical section of the plurality of optical sections. Thesteps of the method further include calculating an average of the numberof bacteria present by dividing the total number of bacteria present inthe plurality of optical sections by the number of optical sectionstaken through the volume of the liquid sample thereby determining anaverage number of bacteria present within the optical sections of theplurality of optical sections, calculating the number of opticalsections into which the volume of liquid sample may be divided therebydetermining a total number of possible optical sections, multiplying theaverage number of bacteria present in the optical sections of theplurality of optical sections by the total number of possible opticalsections thereby determining at least an approximation of the totalnumber of bacteria within the volume of the liquid sample anddetermining the concentration of bacteria within the liquid sample basedon the at least approximation of the total number of bacteria within thevolume of the liquid sample.

In yet another form of the present invention, a method for detectingbacteria and determining the concentration thereof in a liquid sampleincludes the steps of taking at least one optical section through avolume of the liquid sample at a predetermined field of view and at apredetermined focal plane depth or angle in the volume and after apredetermined time has elapsed to allow bacteria in the liquid sample toauto arrange, and determining the average spacing between bacteriapresent within the at least one optical section thereby determining theaverage bacteria spacing. Then, the three dimensional area occupied bythe volume of the liquid sample is calculated thereby determining athree dimensional volumetric area, the three dimensional volumetric areais divided by the average spacing between bacteria thereby determiningat least an approximation of the total number of bacteria within thevolume of the liquid sample and the concentration of bacteria within theliquid sample based on the at least approximation of the total number ofbacteria within the volume of the liquid sample is determined.

In still another form of the present invention, a method for detectingparticles in a liquid sample and distinguishing a first type ofparticles from at least a second type of particles in the liquid sampleincludes the steps of at least partially filling a container with avolume of the liquid sample containing the first type of particles andthe at least second type of particles, the container having at least onesurface made from a predetermined material which causes the at leastsecond type of particles in the liquid sample to exhibit an aversionthereto and the first type of particles in the liquid sample to exhibitno aversion thereto. The particles of the at least second type ofparticles in the liquid sample primarily do not occupy an aversionregion of the volume of the liquid sample in proximity to the surface ofthe container, and the particles of the first type of particles in theliquid sample occupy the aversion region of the volume of the liquidsample in proximity to the surface of the container. Then, at least oneoptical section through the aversion region of the volume of the liquidsample at a predetermined field of view and at a predetermined focalplane depth or angle is taken. The optical section optically detects theparticles of the first type of particles occupying the aversion regionof the volume of the liquid sample in proximity to the surface of thecontainer, as distinguished from the particles of the at least secondtype of particles which primarily do not occupy the aversion region.

Preferably, the surface of the container which causes the aversionthereto by the particles of the at least second type of particles ismade from an acrylic material, and more preferably is made from poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). Other materials which cause bacteriaaversion include, but are not limited to, polystyrene and cyclic olephinpolymer (COP).

Now, various forms of a container which may be used to carry out themethod of the present invention disclosed herein will now be furtherdescribed. In one form of the present invention, and as shown in FIG. 2of the drawings, a container for holding a volume of a liquid sample andused for separating different types of particles within the volume ofthe liquid sample, the different types of particles within the volume ofthe liquid sample held by the container including a first type ofparticles which auto arrange within the volume of the liquid sample heldby the container and a second type of particles which do not autoarrange within the volume of the liquid sample, includes a bottom wallhaving a recessed portion and a non-recessed portion adjacent therecessed portion. The container thereby defines a first zone situated ata first depth in the volume of the liquid sample and in verticalalignment with the non-recessed portion of the container bottom wall,and a second zone situated at a second depth in the volume of the liquidsample and in vertical alignment with the recessed portion of thecontainer bottom wall. The first type of particles which auto arrangetend to occupy the second zone within the container, and the second typeof particles which do not auto arrange tend to occupy the first zonewithin the container.

As shown in FIG. 8 of the drawings, the container for holding a volumeof a liquid sample described above may further include at least oneprojection, the at least one projection extending upwardly from thenon-recessed portion of the container bottom wall and at least partiallyinto the volume of the liquid sample held by the container. The at leastone projection is situated on the non-recessed portion of the bottomwall in proximity to the recessed portion of the bottom wall. The atleast one projection further acts to separate the first type ofparticles which auto arrange and which tend to occupy the second zonewithin the container from the second type of particles which do not autoarrange and tend to occupy the first zone within the container.

Alternatively, and as also shown in FIG. 8 of the drawings, a containerformed in accordance with the present invention for holding a volume ofa liquid sample and used for separating different types of particleswithin the volume of the liquid sample, the different types of particleswithin the volume of the liquid sample held by the container including afirst type of particles which auto arrange within the volume of theliquid sample held by the container and a second type of particles whichdo not auto arrange within the volume of the liquid sample, includes abottom wall, and a plurality of projections spaced apart from each otherover at least a portion of the axial length of the container. Theprojections extend upwardly from the bottom wall of the container and atleast partially into the volume of the liquid sample held thereby. Theprojections define a first zone and at least a second zone adjacent thefirst zone. The particles of the first type of particles which autoarrange tend to occupy the first zone within the container, and theparticles of the second type of particles which do not auto arrange tendto occupy the at least second zone within the container.

In yet another form of the present invention, and as shown in FIG. 9 ofthe drawings, a container for holding a volume of a liquid sample andused for separating different types of particles in the volume of theliquid sample, the different types of particles within the volume of theliquid sample held by the container including a first type of particleswhich exhibit a first dimension, and a second type of particles whichexhibit a second dimension which is different from the first dimensionexhibited by the particles of the first type of particles, includes abottom wall, and at least one filter extending upwardly from the bottomwall and at least partially into the volume of the liquid sample held bythe container. The at least one filter has a first axial side and asecond axial side situated opposite the first axial side. The containerdefines a first zone within the volume of the liquid sample situatedadjacent the first axial side of the at least one filter, and a secondzone within the volume of the liquid sample situated adjacent the secondaxial side of the at least one filter. The at least one filter has apredetermined pore size which allows the particles of the second type ofparticles of the liquid sample to pass through the at least one filterand into the second zone, whereby the particles of the first type ofparticles tend to occupy the first zone within the container, and theparticles of the second type of particles tend to occupy the second zonewithin the container.

As can also be seen by FIG. 9 of the drawings, a container formed inaccordance with the present invention for holding a volume of a liquidsample and used for separating different types of particles in thevolume of the liquid sample, the different types of particles within thevolume of the liquid sample held by the container including a first typeof particles which exhibit a first dimension, and a second type ofparticles which exhibit a second dimension which is different from thefirst dimension exhibited by the particles of the first type ofparticles, includes a bottom wall, and a plurality of filters spacedapart from each other over at least a portion of the axial length of thecontainer. The filters extend upwardly from the bottom wall and at leastpartially into the volume of the liquid sample held by the container.The plurality of filters defines at least a first zone within the volumeof the liquid sample and a second zone within the volume of the liquidsample. Each filter of the plurality of filters has a pore size whichdiffers from the pore size of the next adjacent filter. At least one ofthe filters has a pore size which allows particles of the first type ofparticles to pass therethrough and which does not allow particles of thesecond type of particles to pass therethrough, whereby the particles ofthe first type of particles tend to occupy the first zone within thecontainer, and the particles of the second type of particles tend tooccupy the second zone within the container.

In an alternative form of the present invention, and as shown in FIG. 4of the drawings, a container for holding a volume of a liquid sample andused for detecting different types of particles within the volume of theliquid sample, the different types of particles within the volume of theliquid sample held by the container including a first type of particleswhich auto arrange within the volume of the liquid sample held by thecontainer and a second type of particles which do not auto arrangewithin the volume of the liquid sample, includes a bottom wall, a firstaxial end and a second axial end situated opposite the first axial end.The bottom wall has a sloping surface to define the container with ashallower section relatively closer to the first axial end thereof and adeeper section relatively closer to the second axial end thereof, suchthat a horizontally disposed optical section of the volume of the liquidsample held by the container taken by an optical imaging instrument andhaving a constant focal plane depth in the volume of the liquid sample,which focal plane depth is selected to be in close proximity to thebottom wall of the container over the shallower section thereof, willdetect in a portion of the optical section in alignment with theshallower section of the container particles of the second type ofparticles which do not auto arrange, and will detect in a portion of theoptical section in alignment with the deeper section of the containerparticles of the first type of particles which auto arrange.

FIGS. 10A and 10B depict another embodiment of a container formed inaccordance with the present invention. The container in accordance withthis embodiment for holding a volume of a liquid sample and used fordetecting different types of particles within the liquid sample, thedifferent types of particles within the volume of the liquid sample heldby the container including a first type of particles and a second typeof particles, the particles of the first type of particles either autoarrange within the volume of the liquid sample held by the container orhave a first dimension, and the particles of the second type ofparticles either do not auto arrange within the volume of the liquidsample held by the container or have a second dimension which isdifferent from the first dimension of the particles of the first type ofparticles, includes a bottom wall, and a plurality of spaced apartrecesses, projections or particles formed in the bottom wall or situatedin proximity to the bottom wall of the container for quality assurancepurposes.

In yet another form of the present invention, and as shown in FIG. 6 ofthe drawings, a container for holding a volume of a liquid sample andused for detecting different types of particles within the liquidsample, the different types of particles within the volume of the liquidsample held by the container including a first type of particles and asecond type of particles, the particles of the first type of particleseither auto arrange within the volume of the liquid sample held by thecontainer or have a first dimension, and the particles of the secondtype of particles either do not auto arrange within the volume of theliquid sample held by the container or have a second dimension which isdifferent from the first dimension of the particles of the first type ofparticles, includes a bottom wall, and a plurality of parallellydisposed and spaced apart plates. The plates extend vertically upwardlyfrom the bottom wall of the container and at least partially into thevolume of the liquid sample held by the container, with adjacent platesof the plurality of parallelly disposed plates defining fluid flowchannels therebetween. Preferably, the container includes oppositelateral walls, the opposite lateral walls being joined to the bottomwall and extending upwardly therefrom, and a first axial end and asecond axial end situated opposite the first axial end. Preferably, atleast some of the plates of the plurality of parallelly disposed plateshave differing axial lengths which increase from the longitudinal centerof the container in symmetrical directions outwardly toward the oppositelateral sides thereof, such as shown in FIG. 6 of the drawings.

Bacteria auto-alignment has been demonstrated with an associated modeland experimental data. The auto-alignment model provides insight intothe circumstances described previously, and advanced processing, asdescribed below, may be used to quantify bacteria in a liquid sample inthe presence of non-bacteria artifacts. Specific examples include thepresence of lipids that will tend to float and debris that may settle ata slower rate than formed elements. Based on conceptual models regardinghow these elements will behave in urine and how bacteria will behaveyields several algorithm approaches that each provides insight into theelements that are seen in the fluid bulk. The algorithm approaches aredescribed to facilitate understanding as to how they can helpdifferentiate bacteria from non-bacteria in the bulk of a urine sample.In addition, an integration model is shown to describe how thesedisparate algorithm approaches can be combined to yield appropriatebacteria concentration even in the presence of these artifacts.

The auto-arrangement theory described for bacteria is in some degreesimilar to theories associated with solid state physics crystallinestructure models. The key is that within a confined space bacteria willhave a surface charge that will interact with other charged bacteria ina repulsive manner (this premise ignores the condition where bacteriabecome so close that Van der Waals attractive forces dominate theinteraction). Since the bacteria are in a confined environment andcannot move infinitely away from each other, they will orient themselvesinto a condition where the total system is at minimum energy levels, asshown in FIG. 11B. A simple two dimensional model where each bacteriumhas the same mass, volume, and surface charge is shown in FIG. 12 of thedrawings and illustrates that the bacteria will align themselves withequal spacing with respect to each other.

The diagram in FIG. 12 represents a situation where the number ofbacteria elements completely and uniformly fills the lattice-like spaceswithin the sample container, e.g., a consumable (disposable) device. Ifthere were one-less bacterium in that model, then the resulting modelwould resemble the graphic shown in FIG. 13A. If, on the other hand, thebacteria count increased from 9 to 16, then the natural spacing would bechanged to a smaller distance that is now uniformly consistent toprovide that minimum-energy state for the system, as shown in FIG. 13B.

When the two dimensional model is evaluated from a vertical profileinstead of a top-down view, the effects of gravity and buoyancy comeinto play. The slightly more complicated model will continue todemonstrate the electrical interaction demonstrated in FIGS. 13A and13B, but will also incorporate physical characteristics. The differencewill be that each horizontal slice taken while moving up or down withinthe depth of the sample container will be slightly different than therest. In this condition, the lowest depths will have the highestconcentration of bacteria as well as shortest vertical spacing betweenlevels. Moving up in depth will show a reduction in bacteria count aswell as an increase in spacing in the depth direction.

The top-most horizontal rows will show the widest variation in count andspacing due to incomplete filling of the lattice structure. FIG. 14shows a side view of the three dimensional model of such structure. Thegumdrop shape of the elements show in FIG. 14 is related to the electriccharge of the particles as well as the electric charge associated withthe consumable sample container edges. The lower concentration of cellsin the upper area provides less force and the walls of the samplecontainer push the cells towards the middle.

Imaging within the bulk of a urine sample has shown that bacteria followthe simple models described above. Evaluating bacteria in the fluid bulkprovides an easy way to separate bacteria from formed elements, such asred blood cells (RBC), white blood cells (WBC), epithelial cells, casts,and crystals, by allowing gravity to hasten settling of the formedelements while the bacteria remains suspended. Some artifactual elementsin the urine sample do not show the standard formed element settlingprofile of approximately 100 μm of settling per minute. The most commonof those elements are lipids and debris.

Evaluation of lipids suggests that they will not have the sameelectrical surface charge as bacteria and will not interactelectromagnetically with the bacteria. The density of lipids will belower than the urine sample and the lipids will be prone to float to thetop of the sample. Filling the sample container will randomly distributethe lipids throughout the fluid and then with time the lipids will rise.The lipids will also vary significantly in size, from about the size ofbacteria to much larger. When the lipid concentration is high, therewill likely be significant levels of lipids (including those that aresimilar in size to bacteria) in the region where one might choose toevaluate the sample for bacteria (such as 650 μm from the samplecontainer bottom in the deepest zone). The interaction between lipidsand bacteria will then have the highest level of interaction at thetop-most depths of the sample container where bacteria will be found.The image in FIG. 15 shows a representative sample containing lipidswithout bacteria in the fluid bulk.

Debris will, similarly to lipids, have widely varying sizes, thoughdebris will settle due to a higher density. The range of shapes andsmall sizes of debris can result in very long settling times, asbuoyancy and gravity can have similar, but opposite in direction, forcemagnitudes. This will result in a mostly randomly distributed debrisprofile (the debris will also not be charged) that has the potential tofall either faster or slower than bacteria (though bacteria will begoverned by electrical forces, as well, that will dictate the finalresting position). In the end, debris will either remain randomlydistributed, settle, or float. FIG. 16 shows a representative samplecontaining debris without bacteria in the fluid bulk.

Lipids and bacteria will each have a distinct distribution through thefluid depth depending on if they float (lipids), remain randomlydistributed (debris), or sink (debris). The distribution through thefluid depth will then generate different information from bacteria whichwill follow the auto-alignment model. Evaluation of different depths aswell as different points in time will provide the necessary data todifferentiate bacteria from these interfering agents. FIGS. 17A and 17Bshow an overlay of theoretical histograms representing each of the fourparticle types at time zero (when the sample container is just filled)(FIG. 17A) and after some settling has occurred (FIG. 17B) todemonstrate the potential depth performance. Time and depth data willseparate the different elements.

A first “object count” algorithm approach in accordance with the presentinvention may be used to help differentiate bacteria from non-bacteriain a urine sample and is described below. Consider the presence ofelements in the bacteria zone. It is fairly easy to visualize small dots(representing bacteria or other small artifact elements) distributedwithin an image. Since the measurement is captured in the fluid bulk,there is no in-focus plane and each image will have in-focus andout-of-focus elements at each portion of the image (independent ofoff-axis angle). A straight forward measurement can be made bythresholding the image and identifying the objects from the background(e.g., turning each pixel into a grayscale value and then choosing anypixel above a certain threshold value to be white while all other pixelsare black). Counting all of the individual white areas (each connectedwhite pixel will be considered as one element) will yield the objectcount. An example raw image and associated thresholded image are shownin FIGS. 18A and 18B, respectively.

The object count will provide a quantitative value that can be used todetermine concentration of particles within the image. For a purebacteria sample, this count will directly correlate with the bacteriaconcentration. When other particles exist in the same plane as thebacteria, then the object count will be higher than the bacteria count.For a sample with small particles and no bacteria, the concern would bethat a bacteria concentration would yield from the analysis (when thereshould be none reported). From FIG. 17B, it may be seen that, if thesample is allowed to settle for an appropriate period, then there may bea “sweet spot” zone where that concentration is only bacteria.

A second density algorithm approach in accordance with the presentinvention may be used to help differentiate bacteria from non-bacteriain a urine sample and is described below. The density analysis followsdirectly from the object count analysis. The difference is that thedensity evaluation determines the ratio of thresholded elements (whitepixels) to a background containing all black pixels (see FIG. 18B). Thisanalysis takes into consideration the size of the bacteria as well asthe count. The image in FIG. 18A may be used to determine density byperforming post-processing tools such as thresholding to isolate theparticles from the background, as shown in FIG. 18B. Density has thepotential to provide a measure of concentration. Knowing that debris andlipids will have varied sizes, the impact of having those present in theimage will increase the density without increasing the object count.Comparing the quantified values from these two measurements could startto identify if non-bacteria elements are part of the thresholded image.

A third “pixel spacing” algorithm approach in accordance with thepresent invention may be used to help differentiate bacteria fromnon-bacteria in a urine sample and is described below. Pixel spacing isintended to determine the average distance between particles in thefluid bulk. If the auto-alignment theory is followed by the particles,then the spacing between particles will be smaller as the concentrationincreases. The standard deviation of the distances should also indicateif the auto-alignment process has occurred or if there are othernon-bacteria particles in the image that do not align. The generalapproach is to find the thresholded image similar to that from FIG. 18Band then calculate the shortest Euclidean distances between particles(i.e., nearest neighbors). Pixel spacing is then determined bycalculating the average and standard deviation of these distances, asrepresented in FIGS. 19A and 19B. As shown in FIG. 19B, the thresholdimage may be modified to add a post processing line 20 betweenneighboring bacteria, the length of which is indicative of the spacingbetween a bacterium and its nearest neighbor bacterium.

A theoretical model can be developed to describe the pixel spacing basedon the size and charge of bacteria, the dimensions of the samplecontainer, and the time allowed to align. This model can be confirmedthrough empirical data. The impact of non-debris is that there will bedisruptions in the pixel spacing model, artificially shrinking theaverage spacing and expanding the standard deviation.

A fourth “skewness” algorithm approach in accordance with the presentinvention may be used to help differentiate bacteria from non-bacteriain a urine sample and is described below. Skewness is a measurement ofthe normality of a data set. A positive skew indicates that the data hasan extended tail to the right, while a negative skew indicates anextended tail to the left, as shown in FIGS. 20A and 20B. Skewness canbe calculated for any image, and if the distribution of grayscale valuesfollows a Gaussian curve, then it will have a near-zero skewness. Ifthere is an excessive tail, then the skewness value will demonstratethat.

Since bacteria will be normally distributed through the fluid bulk, theskewness is expected to be near zero. Even with an off-axis image thatis intended to have an in-focus band and out-of-focus bands when locatedat the sample container bottom (for settled objects), images in thefluid bulk with randomly distributed particles will have a near-zeroskewness. As particles settle, they will demonstrate skewness near thebottom of the sample container and will not be seen higher in the bulk.Similarly, objects that float will demonstrate skewness in the upperregions and will not be seen lower in the sample container.

The four algorithm approaches of the present invention described aboveeach have strengths and weaknesses when bacteria are present withinterfering artifacts such as lipids and debris. Evaluation of theoutput of each approach in an integrated manner will provide additionalinformation to help quantify bacteria and determine the potential impactof that value by artifacts. Consider the theoretical model shown in FIG.17A. Initially in the sample, all of the particles are randomlydistributed through the fluid bulk, as shown in FIG. 17A. As timepasses, dense objects will settle at some rate, low-density particleswill float at some rate, and bacteria will settle into the auto-alignedgrid. FIG. 17B demonstrates that there is a time and space within thesample container where complete separation of bacteria from non-bacteriais possible.

A third time point between the “fill time” histogram shown in FIG. 17Aand the “settled time” histogram shown in FIG. 17B is depicted in thehistogram shown in FIG. 21, where particle separation has begun but isnot complete.

It is clear from FIGS. 17 and 21 that there are regions where bacteriawill overlap with a subset of contaminants instead of all three typesdescribed. This vertical separation can be used to determine the impactfrom each of the four algorithm approaches of the present invention withrespect to elements at each depth. By performing a vertical scan throughthe sample container, the impact of the elements at each level in depthcan be compared with pure bacteria titrations to determine theconcentration. By evaluating at several depths, the different artifactelements can be extracted from the data. In addition, performing thevertical scan at different times after filling the sample container willalso provide temporal separation that will indicate settling/floatingrates. All of these inputs can be integrated to determine concentrationand rate potential for contamination impacting the concentration value.

Consider the data shown in FIGS. 22A (rods) and 22B (cocci), where abacteria titration was evaluated using the standard bacteria scan in asample container, e.g., a consumable (disposable) device, such as shownin FIGS. 24-28 of the drawings (data shown from all three zones) andpost-processing with “pixel spacing” logic, as described previously. Thecurves for both mean and standard deviation are shown in FIGS. 22A and22B, respectively, with a representative well-fit power series curve foreach. Since this particular sample container has bacteria zone depthsthat drop off with each zone, the depth of analysis for each zone isdifferent (e.g., 600, 400, and 200 μm from the container bottom). Thecurves overlay for each zone because the sample is pure bacteria andthere are no interfering artifacts present in the sample to affect thelogic. There is a potential time-dependent curve that could beimplemented as the auto-arrangement process progresses and the systemevaluates at different depths (potentially the reason for the variationnoted at 10⁶/ml concentration).

Given the calibration curves shown in FIGS. 22A and 22B, the bacteriaconcentration may be based on a “pixel spacing” mean calculation. Ifthere were no interfering factors, then the calculation would becomplete. If potential interfering factors are present, then integrationof similar curves from the remaining algorithms described previously, aswell as a re-analysis at a follow-on time, provide more information toachieve increased accuracy.

An instructional method to visualize integration of the four algorithmstogether (for this example assumes that there is no temporal impact) isshown in FIGS. 23A and 23B. The method shows reference curves for eachof the algorithm outputs at three concentrations of pure bacteria. Thedark line A with markers represents the native sample that contained nobacteria.

The gray line B with markers represents the native sample spiked with10⁸ cocci/ml. In the case of both lipids and bacteria, the native sampleshows significant differences from the reference curves C, D and E. Whenspiked with 10⁸ cocci/ml, curve B shows greater similarity to thecorresponding reference curve C. To add more clarity, evaluation ofobject count and pixel spacing shows that, when both are very close tothe natural reference, then they are good representations of thebacteria concentration. Object density and skewness show the impact ofthe artifact in conjunction with spiked bacteria. This representationshows how an integrated model could be created from this type of data.

A quantitative model can be created from preferably six reference datapoints: time from fill, vertical position in the bacteria zone, objectcount, pixel spacing, object density, and skewness. It should be notedthat it is possible to evaluate mean, median, and standard deviation foreach of the four algorithms. For each time and vertical position(bacteria zone dependent), a calibration curve may be created for a purebacteria titration (generally expected to be a power-series fit) foreach of mean, median, and standard deviation. These twelve values willbe the algorithm logic inputs from a measurement. The fit model for theappropriate depth and time point will then be used to evaluateconcentration estimates from each of the twelve algorithms based on thesample response. Integration of the twelve algorithms can be performedby an expert system incorporating fuzzy logic curves to characterize ifa sample contains bacteria or not. Samples that are determined to havebacteria will then predict concentration from the reference curves.Actual concentration may require a second expert fuzzy logic system,especially for low concentration bacteria where artifacts can have alarger impact. It is possible that using this approach and consideringtime from fill, the lower limit of detection can be reduced below 10⁶cocci/ml.

As is evident from the foregoing description, the method of the presentinvention can evaluate bacteria in bulk fluid and uses thecharacteristics of the bacteria as a means to differentiate bacteriafrom non-bacteria “debris”. It is a highly sensitive and selectivemethod for detecting bacteria, especially in a urine medium, and may beused to determine the concentration of the bacteria in the liquidsample. Furthermore, in accordance with one form of the method of thepresent invention, the average spacing between bacterium may be measuredto estimate the bacteria concentration, instead of attempting to countbacteria.

The various forms of the container of the present invention shown inFIGS. 2-10 of the drawings help carry out the method of detecting andquantifying the bacteria in a fluid sample, and separating the bacteriafrom non-bacteria “debris”.

Although illustrative embodiments of the present invention have beendescribed herein with reference to the accompanying drawings, it is tobe understood that the invention is not limited to those preciseembodiments, and that various other changes and modifications may beeffected therein by one skilled in the art without departing from thescope or spirit of the invention.

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 10. A method fordetecting particles in a liquid sample and distinguishing a first typeof particles from at least a second type of particles in the liquidsample, which comprises the steps of: at least partially filling acontainer with a volume of the liquid sample containing the first typeof particles and the at least second type of particles, the containerhaving at least one surface made from a predetermined material whichcauses the at least second type of particles in the liquid sample toexhibit an aversion thereto and the first type of particles in theliquid sample to exhibit no aversion thereto, the particles of the atleast second type of particles in the liquid sample primarily notoccupying an aversion region of the volume of the liquid sample inproximity to the surface of the container, and the particles of thefirst type of particles in the liquid sample occupying the aversionregion of the volume of the liquid sample in proximity to the surface ofthe container; and taking at least one optical section through theaversion region of the volume of the liquid sample at a predeterminedfield of view and at a predetermined focal plane depth or angle, theoptical section optically detecting the particles of the first type ofparticles occupying the aversion region of the volume of the liquidsample in proximity to the surface of the container, as distinguishedfrom the particles of the at least second type of particles whichprimarily do not occupy the aversion region.
 11. A method for detectingparticles in a liquid sample as defined by claim 10, wherein the surfaceof the container which causes the aversion thereto by the particles ofthe at least second type of particles is made from an acrylic material.12. A method for detecting particles in a liquid sample as defined byclaim 10, wherein the surface of the container which causes the aversionthereto by the particles of the at least second type of particles ismade from poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA).
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 22. A method for detectingparticles in a liquid sample as defined by claim 10, wherein thecontainer includes: a bottom wall, the bottom wall having a recessedportion and a non-recessed portion adjacent the recessed portion, thecontainer thereby defining a first zone situated at a first depth in thevolume of the liquid sample and in vertical alignment with thenon-recessed portion of the container bottom wall, and a second zonesituated at a second depth in the volume of the liquid sample and invertical alignment with the recessed portion of the container bottomwall.
 23. A method for detecting particles in a liquid sample as definedby claim 22, wherein the container further includes: at least oneprojection, the at least one projection extending upwardly from thenon-recessed portion of the container bottom wall and at least partiallyinto the volume of the liquid sample held by the container, the at leastone projection being situated on the non-recessed portion of the bottomwall in proximity to the recessed portion of the bottom wall.
 24. Amethod for detecting particles in a liquid sample as defined by claim10, wherein the container includes: a bottom wall; and a plurality ofprojections spaced apart from each other over at least a portion of theaxial length of the container, the projections extending upwardly fromthe bottom wall of the container and at least partially into the volumeof the liquid sample held thereby.
 25. A method for detecting particlesin a liquid sample as defined by claim 10, wherein the containerincludes: a bottom wall; and at least one filter extending upwardly fromthe bottom wall and at least partially into the volume of the liquidsample held by the container, the at least one filter having a firstaxial side and a second axial side situated opposite the first axialside.
 26. A method for detecting particles in a liquid sample as definedby claim 10, wherein the container includes: a bottom wall; and aplurality of filters spaced apart from each other over at least aportion of the axial length of the container, the filters extendingupwardly from the bottom wall and at least partially into the volume ofthe liquid sample held by the container, each filter of the plurality offilters having a pore size which differs from the pore size of the nextadjacent filter.
 27. A method for detecting particles in a liquid sampleas defined by claim 10, wherein the container includes: a bottom wall, afirst axial end and a second axial end situated opposite the first axialend, the bottom wall having a sloping surface thereby defining thecontainer with a shallower section relatively closer to the first axialend thereof and a deeper section relatively closer to the second axialend thereof.
 28. A method for detecting particles in a liquid sample asdefined by claim 10, wherein the container includes: a bottom wall; anda plurality of spaced apart recesses, projections or particles formed inthe bottom wall or situated in proximity to the bottom wall of thecontainer for quality assurance purposes.
 29. A method for detectingparticles in a liquid sample as defined by claim 10, wherein thecontainer includes: a bottom wall; and a plurality of parallellydisposed and spaced apart plates, the plates extending verticallyupwardly from the bottom wall of the container and at least partiallyinto the volume of the liquid sample held by the container, adjacentplates of the plurality of parallelly disposed plates defining fluidflow channels therebetween.
 30. A method for detecting particles in aliquid sample as defined by claim 29, wherein the container furtherincludes opposite lateral walls, the opposite lateral walls being joinedto the bottom wall and extending upwardly therefrom, and a first axialend and a second axial end situated opposite the first axial end; andwherein at least some of the plates of the plurality of parallellydisposed plates have differing axial lengths which increase from thelongitudinal center of the container in symmetrical directions outwardlytoward the opposite lateral sides thereof.
 31. A container for holding avolume of a liquid sample and used for separating different types ofparticles within the volume of the liquid sample, the different types ofparticles within the volume of the liquid sample held by the containerincluding a first type of particles and at least a second type ofparticles, the container comprising: at least one container surface madefrom a predetermined material which causes the at least second type ofparticles in the liquid sample to exhibit an aversion thereto and thefirst type of particles in the liquid sample to exhibit no aversionthereto, the particles of the at least second type of particles in theliquid sample primarily not occupying an aversion region of the volumeof the liquid sample in proximity to the surface of the container, andthe particles of the first type of particles in the liquid sampleoccupying the aversion region of the volume of the liquid sample inproximity to the surface of the container; wherein, when an opticalsection through the aversion region of the volume of the liquid sampleat a predetermined field of view and at a predetermined focal planedepth or angle is taken, the optical section optically detects theparticles of the first type of particles occupying the aversion regionof the volume of the liquid sample in proximity to the surface of thecontainer, as distinguished from the particles of the at least secondtype of particles which primarily do not occupy the aversion region. 32.A container as defined by claim 31, wherein the surface of the containerwhich causes the aversion thereto by the particles of the at leastsecond type of particles is made from an acrylic material.
 33. Acontainer as defined by claim 31, wherein the surface of the containerwhich causes the aversion thereto by the particles of the at leastsecond type of particles is made from poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA).34. A container as defined by claim 31, which further comprises: abottom wall, the bottom wall having a recessed portion and anon-recessed portion adjacent the recessed portion, the containerthereby defining a first zone situated at a first depth in the volume ofthe liquid sample and in vertical alignment with the non-recessedportion of the container bottom wall, and a second zone situated at asecond depth in the volume of the liquid sample and in verticalalignment with the recessed portion of the container bottom wall.
 35. Acontainer as defined by claim 34, which further comprises: at least oneprojection, the at least one projection extending upwardly from thenon-recessed portion of the container bottom wall and at least partiallyinto the volume of the liquid sample held by the container, the at leastone projection being situated on the non-recessed portion of the bottomwall in proximity to the recessed portion of the bottom wall.
 36. Acontainer as defined by claim 31, which further comprises: a bottomwall; and a plurality of projections spaced apart from each other overat least a portion of the axial length of the container, the projectionsextending upwardly from the bottom wall of the container and at leastpartially into the volume of the liquid sample held thereby.
 37. Acontainer as defined by claim 31, which further comprises: a bottomwall; and at least one filter extending upwardly from the bottom walland at least partially into the volume of the liquid sample held by thecontainer, the at least one filter having a first axial side and asecond axial side situated opposite the first axial side.
 38. Acontainer as defined by claim 31, which further comprises: a bottomwall; and a plurality of filters spaced apart from each other over atleast a portion of the axial length of the container, the filtersextending upwardly from the bottom wall and at least partially into thevolume of the liquid sample held by the container, each filter of theplurality of filters having a pore size which differs from the pore sizeof the next adjacent filter.
 39. A container as defined by claim 31,which further comprises: a bottom wall, a first axial end and a secondaxial end situated opposite the first axial end, the bottom wall havinga sloping surface thereby defining the container with a shallowersection relatively closer to the first axial end thereof and a deepersection relatively closer to the second axial end thereof.
 40. Acontainer as defined by claim 31, which further comprises: a bottomwall; and a plurality of spaced apart recesses, projections or particlesformed in the bottom wall or situated in proximity to the bottom wall ofthe container for quality assurance purposes.
 41. A container as definedby claim 31, which further comprises: a bottom wall; and a plurality ofparallelly disposed and spaced apart plates, the plates extendingvertically upwardly from the bottom wall of the container and at leastpartially into the volume of the liquid sample held by the container,adjacent plates of the plurality of parallelly disposed plates definingfluid flow channels therebetween.
 42. A container as defined by claim41, which further comprises: opposite lateral walls, the oppositelateral walls being joined to the bottom wall and extending upwardlytherefrom, and a first axial end and a second axial end situatedopposite the first axial end; and wherein at least some of the plates ofthe plurality of parallelly disposed plates have differing axial lengthswhich increase from the longitudinal center of the container insymmetrical directions outwardly toward the opposite lateral sidesthereof.